This report deals with transdermal drug delivery - an approach used to deliver drugs through the skin for therapeutic use as an alternative to oral,intravascular, subcutaneous and transmucosal routes. Various transdermal drug delivery technologies are described including the use of suitable formulations, carriers and penetration enhancers. The most commonly used transdermal system is the skin patch using various types of technologies. Nanoparticles as well as the use of physical agents to facilitate transcutaneous drug delivery is described. Microneedle and needleless technologies are also described. Transdermal technologies may be applied for several categories of pharmaceuticals used for the treatment of disorders of the skin or for systemic effect to treat diseases of other organs. Several transdermal products and applications include hormone replacement therapy, contraception, management of pain, angina pectoris, smoking cessation and neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease. The market for transdermal drug delivery is analyzed according to technologies and therapeutic areas from 2011 to 2021. This market is analyzed according to geographical regions as well.

0. Executive Summary
1. Basics of Transdermal Drug Delivery
- Introduction
- Historical landmarks in transdermal drug delivery
- Anatomy and physiology of skin
- Transcutaneous absorption
- Transdermal versus other methods of drug delivery
- Advantages of transdermal drug delivery
- First-Pass Effect
- Drawbacks of transdermal delivery
- Factors that influence transdermal drug delivery
- Events governing transcutaneous absorption
- Properties of the skin
- Properties of drugs
- The role of pH and pharmacokinetics
- Intradermal disposition of drugs after topical application
2. Transdermal Drug Delivery Technologies
- Introduction
- Local application formulations
- Crystalline topical formulations
- Microemulsions for transdermal drug delivery
- Nanoemulsions for transdermal drug delivery
- Transdermal gel technology
- Film forming polymeric solutions
- Biphasix system
- Penetration enhancers
- Chemical enhancers
- Nitric oxide-based transdermal drug delivery
- Vesicular transdermal carriers
- Liposomes
- Transfersomes
- Ethosomes
- Elastic vesicles for transdermal drug delivery
- Nanovesicles for transdermal drug delivery
- Transdermal patches
- Adhesives for transdermal patches
- Commercial development of transdermal patches
- Innovations in transdermal patches
- e-Patch™ controlled release micropump system
- Patchless Transdermal Delivery System
- Metered-dose transdermal system
- Use of physical modalities to facilitate transdermal transport
- Transdermal electrotransport
- Electroporation
- Drug delivery by electroporation
- Cryoelectrophoresis
- Iontophoresis
- Iontophoresis compared with electrophoresis
- Application of iontophoresis for drug delivery
- Companies with technologies for drug delivery by iontophoresis
- Combination of electrophoresis and iontophoresis
- Dermaportation
- Radiofrequency-driven transdermal delivery
- Microporation
- Transcutaneous drug delivery by electropulsation
- Companies involved in electroporation-based drug delivery
- Electrode Scanning System
- Use of electrostatic force in skin patch technology
- Multiple Absorption Kinetic System
- Transdermal drug delivery facilitated by heat
- Controlled, heat-aided drug delivery
- Ultrasound
- Magnetophoresis
- Use of lasers for transdermal drug delivery
- Transdermal drug delivery by laser-induced pressure waves
- Transdermal drug delivery by laser-assisted changes in skin
- Transdermal delivery by gas under pressure
- Transdermal delivery with PowderJect gas gun
- Microscission induced by gas
- Role of microelectronics in transdermal drug delivery
- Microneedles and dermal microinjection technologies
- Microneedle patch
- AdminPatch® microneedle array
- Biodegradable microneedles
- Ceramic microneedle arrays
- Dissolvable microneedle patches
- Microneedle arrays for drug delivery
- MicroPyramid™ microneedles
- Microstructured Transdermal Systems
- Microneedle Array Patch technology
- Microneedle transdermal chip
- Microneedle applicator device
- Nanoject™ microneedle technology
- Silk microneedles
- ZP Patch microprojections technology
- Companies developing microneedles for transdermal drug delivery
- Needlefree injections
- Glide SDI® solid dose injector
- Jet injection
- Mini-Ject needlefree delivery system
- MicroJet for painless injections
- Nanoliter-volume pulsed microjets
- SUMAVEL™ DosePro™ needle-less injection
- Skin ablation or abrasion for drug delivery
- Nanotechnology-based transdermal drug delivery
- Nanoparticles and nanoemulsions for skin disorders
- Transdermal nanoparticle preparations for systemic effect
- Nanotechnology-based transdermal vaccination and immunotherapy
- Delivery of nanostructured drugs from transdermal patches
- NanoCyte transdermal drug delivery system
- Effect of mechanical flexion on penetration of bucky balls through the skin
- Safety issues of applications of nanomaterial carriers on the skin
- Comparison of transdermal drug delivery systems
- Transdermal drug design
- In vitro testing of transdermal drug delivery systems
- In vivo testing of drug delivery systems
- Infrared spectroscopy for evaluation of transdermal drug delivery
- Modeling of transport through the skin
- Concluding remarks on transdermal drug delivery technologies
- Future developments in transdermal drug delivery
3. Transdermal Therapeutics
- Introduction
- Drugs that can be administered transdermally
- Skin disorders
- Psoriasis
- Nanoemulsions for paclitaxel delivery in psoriasis
- Iontophoresis for treatment of psoriasis
- Hair loss
- Cardiovascular disorders
- Angina pectoris
- Transdermal drug delivery for hypertension
- Transdermal beta blockers
- Transdermal anticoagulants
- Congestive heart failure
- Respiratory diseases
- Asthma
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- Neurological and psychiatric disorders
- Parkinson's disease
- Transdermal drug delivery for Parkinson's disease
- Transdermal dopamine agonists for Parkinson's disease
- Rotigotine
- Transdermal administration of other drugs for Parkinson disease
- Depression
- Transdermal selegiline
- Bipolar disorder
- Transdermal lithium
- Restless legs syndrome
- Alzheimer's disease
- Transdermal nicotine for Tourette syndrome
- Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
- Transdermal methylphenidate
- Migraine
- Transdermal lidocaine
- Transdermal sumatriptan
- Epilepsy
- Tinnitus/Vertigo
- Transdermal nitroglycerin for vasospasm due to subarachnoid hemorrhage
- Musculoskeletal disorders
- Osteoporosis
- Transdermal alendronate
- Transdermal estrogen
- Transdermal human parathyroid hormone
- Osteoarthritis
- Transdermal therapy of diabetes
- Transdermal insulin delivery in diabetes
- Transdermal GLP1 agonist
- Male sexual disorders
- Erectile dysfunction
- Topical and transdermal preparation for erectile dysfunction
- Hypogonadism in the male
- Topical testosterone
- Women's health
- Female sexual arousal disorder
- Menopause
- Hormone replacement therapy for menopause
- Effect of transdermal estradiol on bone density
- Transdermal PTH for postmenopausal osteoporosis
- Transdermal testosterone for low libido in postmenopausal women
- Breast disorders
- Dysmenorrhea
- Female infertility
- Contraception
- Female contraception
- Ortho Evra™
- BAY86-5016
- Male contraception
- Transdermal progestin plus testosterone
- Cancer
- Nanoemulsion-based delivery of caffeine for skin cancer
- Transcutaneous electroporation for anticancer drugs
- Transdermal drug delivery for prostate cancer
- Transdermal nitroglycerine for prostate cancer
- Transdermal estradiol gel for prostate cancer
- Transdermal drug delivery for breast cancer
- Afimoxifene topical gel for breast cancer
- Pain
- Relief of pain associated with minor medical procedures
- Transdermal Lidoderm for postherpectic neuralgia
- Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs
- Topical NSAIDs
- Transdermal ketoprofen
- Topical opioids
- Cancer pain
- Transdermal fentanyl
- Transdermal nitroglycerine as an adjuvant to opioids
- Transdermal buprenorphine
- Chronic pain of non-malignant origin
- Transdermal local anesthetics
- Postoperative pain
- Transdermal fentanyl for the management of postoperative pain
- Fibromyalgia
- Nausea and vomiting
- Motion sickness
- Postoperative vomiting
- Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting
- Antiaging strategies
- Smoking cessation
- Transdermal nicotine replacement
- Other methods of nicotine replacement
- Other treatments for smoking cessation
- Miscellaneous uses of transdermal drug delivery
- Chronic fatigue syndrome
- Topical androgenic steroid therapy
- Overactive bladder and urinary incontinence
- Transdermal oxybutynin
- Viral infections
- Transdermal nanoparticles for immune enhancement in HIV
- Transdermal gene therapy
- Transdermal delivery of plasmid DNA by electroporation
- Transdermal antisense therapy
- Transdermal vaccination
- The skin as an immune organ
- Technologies for transdermal vaccination
- Electroporation for administering DNA vaccines
- Intradermal delivery of cancer vaccines by adenoviral vectors
- Microneedles for dermal delivery of vaccines
- Needle-free delivery of vaccines
- Transcutaneous immunization
- Applications of transdermal vaccination
- HIV/AIDS vaccination by topical application
- Transdermal DNA influenza vaccine
- Transdermal A? vaccination for Alzheimer's disease
- Transdermal vaccination for traveller's diarrhoea
- Transdermal neutraceuticals
- Complications of transdermal therapy
- Adverse effects of drugs
- Overdose effect
- Skin complications
4. Markets for Transdermal Drug Delivery
- Introduction
- Global markets for drug delivery
- Geographical distribution of transdermal drug delivery markets
- Emerging transdermal drug delivery markets in Asia
- Transdermal technology markets in therapeutic areas
- Angina pectoris
- Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
- Erectile dysfunction
- Hypertension
- Pain therapeutics
- Parkinson's disease
- Smoking cessation
- Transdermal hormone replacement therapy for menopause
- Transdermal testosterone replacement therapy for hypogonadism in the male
- Transdermal contraceptive market
- Markets according to transdermal technologies
- Markets for microneedle-based transdermal drug delivery
- Marketing strategies for transdermal drug delivery
- Marketing advantages of transdermal drug delivery
- Unmet needs in transdermal drug delivery
- Future prospects of transdermal drug delivery
- Prospects of transdermal delivery for drugs coming off patents
- Transdermal delivery of cosmetics
5. Companies involved in transdermal drug delivery
- Profiles of companies
- Collaborations
6. References
Tables
- Table 1 1: Historical landmarks in the development of transdermal drug delivery
- Table 1 2: Transdermal vs oral and intravenous drug delivery
- Table 2 1: Technologies for transdermal drug delivery
- Table 2 2: Chemical enhancers of skin penetration
- Table 2 3: Drug-in-adhesive versus reservoir type of transdermal patch
- Table 2 4: Companies developing transdermal patches for drug delivery
- Table 2 5: Companies with technologies for drug delivery by iontophoresis
- Table 2 6: Companies involved in electroporation-based drug delivery
- Table 2 7: Companies developing microneedles for transdermal drug delivery
- Table 2 8: Comparison of transdermal drug delivery systems
- Table 3 1: Approved transdermal products
- Table 3 2: Transdermal drugs in clinical trials or approval process
- Table 4 1: Worldwide drug delivery market growth 2011 to 2021
- Table 4 2: Transdermal drug delivery markets for geographical regions 2011 to 2021
- Table 4 3: Potential therapeutic markets for transdermal products 2011-2021
- Table 4 4: Markets according to transdermal technologies
- Table 4 5: Marketing strategies based on transdermal drug delivery technologies
- Table 5 1: Collaborations in transdermal drug delivery
Figures
- Figure 1 1: Basic structure of the skin
- Figure 1 2: Events governing transcutaneous drug absorption
- Figure 2 1: Basic structure and function of transdermal drug delivery systems
- Figure 2 2: A schematic view of electroporation
- Figure 2 3: Depiction of breakdown of the stratum corneum during electroporation
- Figure 2 4: A schematic drawing of Iontophoresis
- Figure 2 5: SonoPrep ultrasonic skin permeation
- Figure 2 6: A schematic drawing of the microneedle patch
- Figure 3 1: Oral versus transdermal administration of a drug in Parkinson's disease
- Figure 4 1: Unmet needs in transdermal drug delivery

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Transdermal Drug Delivery

Transdermal Drug Delivery

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