This report describes and evaluates animal biotechnology and its application in veterinary medicine and pharmaceuticals as well as improvement in food production. Knowledge of animal genetics is important in the application of biotechnology to manage genetic disorders and improve animal breeding. Genomics, proteomics and bioinformatics are also being applied to animal biotechnology.

Transgenic technologies are used for improving milk production and the meat in farm animals as well as for creating models of human diseases. Transgenic animals are used for the production of proteins for human medical use. Biotechnology is applied to facilitate xenotransplantation from animals to humans. Genetic engineering is done in farm animals and nuclear transfer technology has become an important and preferred method for cloning animals.There is discussion of in vitro meat production by culture

Biotechnology has potential applications in the management of several animal diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease, classical swine fever, avian flu and bovine spongiform encephalopathy. The most important biotechnology-based products consist of vaccines, particularly genetically engineered or DNA vaccines. Gene therapy for diseases of pet animals is a fast developing area because many of the technologies used in clinical trials humans were developed in animals and many of the diseases of cats and dogs are similar to those in humans.RNA interference technology is now being applied for research in veterinary medicine

Molecular diagnosis is assuming an important place in veterinary practice. Polymerase chain reaction and its modifications are considered to be important. Fluorescent in situ hybridization and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays are also widely used. Newer biochip-based technologies and biosensors are also finding their way in veterinary diagnostics.

Biotechnology products are approved by the Center for Veterinary Medicine of the FDA. Regulatory issues relevant to animal biotechnology are described.

Approximately 104 companies have been identified to be involved in animal biotechnology and are profiled in the report. These are a mix of animal healthcare companies and biotechnology companies. Top companies in this area are identified and ranked. Information is given about the research activities of 11 veterinary and livestock research institutes. Important 107 collaborations in this area are shown.

Share of biotechnology-based products and services in 2011 is analyzed and the market is projected to 2021.

The text is supplemented with 34 tables and 5 figures.Selected 250 references from the literature are appended.

0. Executive Summary
1. Introduction to Animal Biotechnology
- Introduction
- Historical evolution of animal biotechnology
- Basics of biotechnology
- DNA
- RNA
- Genes
- Single nucleotide polymorphisms
- Copy number variations in the genome
- DNA sequences
- Gene expression
- Gene regulation
- Proteins
- Functions of proteins
- Recombinant proteins
- Monoclonal antibodies
- Animal genetics
- Molecular genetics
- Twinning in cattle
- Pig genetics
- Genetic studies in dogs
- Animal genomics
- The mouse genome
- The dog genome
- Sequencing of the dog genome
- Comparison of genomes of healthy and diseased dogs
- Analysis of DNA copy number variation
- The cat genome
- Marsupial genomes
- Genomes of non-human primates
- Chimpanzee genome
- Genome of the rhesus macaque
- Livestock genomics
- Bovine genome
- Bovine SNP map
- Pig genome
- Horse genome
- Sheep genome
- Chicken genome
- Turkey genome
- Salmon genome
- Priority genome list of the National Human Genome Research Institute
- Animal proteomics
- Applications of proteomics in animals
- Caseins in goat milk
- Lactic acid bacteria
- Applications of proteomics in animal healthcare
- Antigenomics
- Bioinformatics
- Nanobiotechnology and animal health
- Biomarkers and animal health
- Recombinant protein manufacture
- Animal biotechnology in relation to other technologies
2. Application of Biotechnology in Animals
- Introduction
- Applications of animal genomics
- Genomics of disease resistance
- Statistical genomics to improve breeding
- Chicken breeding based on genomics
- Bovine ankyrin 1 gene and beef tenderness
- SNPs and longevity in dairy cattle
- Share genomic data to improve cattle breeding programs
- Genetic engineering
- Livestock improvement by genetic engineering
- Disease control by genetic engineering
- Limitations and precautions for genetic engineering
- Transgenic animal technology
- Cloning animals
- Nuclear transfer technology
- Nuclear bisection for cloning
- Zona-free cloning method
- Abnormalities in cloned animals
- Cloning from embyonic cells
- Cloning of rabbits
- Cloning the rat
- Cloning the horse
- Cloning the cow
- Cloning the dog
- Cloning in primates
- Retrovector-mediated production of transgenic animals
- Episomal vector-mediated gene delivery
- Sperm-mediated gene transfer
- Lentiviral transduction of male germ-line stem cells
- Lentiviral transgenesis
- Transgenic pharmaceuticals
- Proteins from the milk of transgenic animals
- Advantages of milk as source of transgenic proteins
- Therapeutic proteins from rabbit milk
- Recombinant human antibodies from cows
- Therapeutic proteins from goat milk
- Chicken transgenesis for the production of biopharmaceuticals
- Concluding remarks about production of recombinant proteins in animals
- Companies involved in production of transgenic pharmaceuticals
- Transgenic food products
- Milking genetically modified cows
- Transgenic fish
- Cloned animals as sources of milk and meat
- Animal feeds from transgenic plants
- Transgenic modification of plants to increase nutritional value of animal feeds
- Transgenic disease models
- Technologies to create transgenic disease models
- Gene manipulation techniques
- Embryonic stem cells for gene targeting
- Homologous recombination
- Animal models of human diseases
- Transgenic models for studying human drug metabolism and toxicity
- The Human Genome Project and the role of transgenics
- Genomic and proteomic analyses of transgenic animal models
- Concern about health and welfare of transgenic animals
- Safety of transgenic technology
- Concluding remarks about use of transgenic animals
- RNA interference technology
- RNAi versus antisense
- Applications of RNAi in animal biotechnology
- Xenotransplantation
- Pigs for xenotransplantation
- Genetically engineered pigs for transplants
- Risks of xenotransplantation
- World Health Organization and xenotransplantation
- Ethical aspects of animal biotechnology
3. A Biotechnology Perspective of Animals Diseases
- Introduction
- Infections in animals
- Viral infections
- Avian influenza
- Animal surveillance of influenza
- Animal biotechnology implications of H1N1 influenza
- Animal corona viruses and human SARS
- Avian coronavirus
- Bluetongue virus
- Canine parvovirus
- Classical swine fever
- Developing new treatments against FMD
- Equine infectious anemia
- Foot-and-mouth disease
- Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
- Rabies
- Rinderpest
- Bacterial infections
- Bovine tuberculosis
- Mycoplasmal pneumonia
- Protozoal infections
- Coccidiosis
- Neosporosis
- Toxoplasmosis
- Trypanosomiasis
- Nematodes
- Infections that cross the species barrier
- Complications of bacterial infections and antibiotic use in animals
- Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs)
- Inter-species transfer of prions
- Scrapie
- Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
- Epidemiology of BSE
- Biomarkers in the urine of BSE infected cattle
- Human health implications of BSE
- Breeding animals protected against BSE
- TSE research
- Prion gene haplotyping
- Pharmacological approaches to TSE research.
- Molecular diagnostic approach to TSE research
- RNAi for knockdown of the bovine prion gene
- Chronic wasting disease
- Chronic wasting disease in wildlife
- Chronic wasting disease of the cattle in Sudan
- Chronic wasting in dairy cows in the Netherlands
- Genetic disorders in farm animals
- Genetic predisposition to acquired diseases in animals
- Diseases of pet animals
- Canine anemia
- Cardiovascular disease
- Heart failure
- Cardiac complications of canine babesiosis
- Diabetes
- Role of biotechnology in management of diabetes
- Arthritis
- Cancer in cats and dogs
- Cancer clinical trials in dogs
- Canine Comparative Oncology Genomics Consortium
- Preventive veterinary medicine
- Prevention of introduction of foreign animal diseases
- Producing transgenic cattle resistant to BSE
- Zoonotic diseases
- Viruses that emerge in animals and spread to humans
- Collaborative management of animal and human health
- Vaccines for zoonotic viral diseases
4. Molecular Diagnostics in Animals
- Introduction
- Nucleic acid technologies
- The polymerase chain reaction
- Basic Principles of PCR
- Target selection
- Detection of amplified DNA
- Real-time PCR systems
- LightCycler PCR system
- Molecular beacons
- Applications of PCR in veterinary medicine
- Fluorescent in situ hybridization
- Immunodiagnostics
- Enzyme-linked immunoassays
- Bovine Gamma Interferon Test
- Antigen diagnosis of trichinosis
- Parachek™ for the diagnosis of Johne's disease
- Antibodies for differentiation between vaccinated and infected animals
- Biochip/microarray technology
- Applications of microarrays in animal biotechnology
- Cattlearray3800 for functional genomics
- eSensor™ electrochemical biochip
- FR 48 microfluidic biochip
- Biosensors
- Immunosensors
- Biosensor for ovulation prediction in dairy cows
- Flow cytometry for animal diagnostics
- Molecular imaging in animals
- Veterinary cytogenetics
- Applications of molecular diagnostics in animals
- Canine DNA testing
- Diagnostic aids to selective breeding
- Selection of desirable traits
- Gene variations and fat content of beef
- Using genetic markers for improved milk production in dairy cattle
- Application of bovine genomics for improving milk yield
- Recognition of hereditary syndromes
- Genetic markers in animals
- SNP genotyping in animals
- SNP genotyping for selective breeding of chicken
- Animal identity and parentage analysis
- Animal species identification in food
- Diagnosis of infections
- Bacterial infections
- Diagnosis of viral infections
- Molecular diagnosis of avian influenza
- Molecular diagnosis of swine influenza
- Diagnosis of parasitic infections
- Detection of natural or bioterror threats to livestock
- Molecular diagnosis of prion diseases
- Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
- Testing for BSE in living animals
- Prions in urine
- Diagnosis of chronic wasting disease in wildlife
- Developing new tests for prion diseases
- Differentiation among various types of TSEs
- Protein cyclic amplification
- Antibody tests for prion diseases
- Scrapie genotyping
- A real-time ultrasonic method for prion protein detection
- Companies involved in developing molecular diagnostics for TSEs
- Diagnosis of genetic disorders
- Genetic screening of companion animals
- Genes associated with exercise-induced collapse
- Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
- Diagnosis of cancer in animals
- Diagnosis of skin cancer
- Diagnosis of food-borne pathogens
- Introduction
- Molecular diagnostic methods used in food-borne infections
- Limitations of use of molecular probes in food analysis
- Companies with technologies for food pathogen detection
- Biotechnology-based novel diagnostics for aquatic animals
- Detection of chemicals in foods of animal origin
- Companies developing molecular diagnostics for animals
5. Biotechnology-based Veterinary Medicine
- Introduction
- Biotechnology versus pharmaceutical products
- Role of biotechnology in drug discovery and development
- Cost of veterinary vs. human drug discovery and development
- Advantages and disadvantages of testing biotech products in animal models
- Biotechnolgoy-based antiparasitic drugs
- Non-antibiotic strategies for control of infections in animals
- Probiotics
- Potential role for probiotics in the human gut
- Potential role for probiotics in animals
- Probiotic bacteria for control of pathogens in cattle
- Nonantibiotic drugs for infections in animals
- Immunomodulation as an alternative to antibiotics in infections
- Cathelicidins: effector molecules of mammalian innate immunity
- Bacteriophage therapy for antibiotic resistance
- Biotechnology for treating tendon injuries
- Use of growth factors to facilitate tendon injuries
- Productivity enhancers
- Bovine somatotropin for increasing milk production in dairy cows
- Increasing milk production in cows by feeding propionibacteria
- Use of growth factors
- Transgenic plant products for use in animals
- Biotechnology-based vaccines
- Modern vaccines without viral non-structural proteins
- Plant-derived vaccines for use in animals
- Nano-bead vaccine adjuvant
- Genetically engineered vaccines
- Application of nucleic acid vaccines in veterinary medicine
- DNA vaccines
- DNA vaccine for tuberculosis
- DNA vaccines for West Nile encephalitis
- Gene-based vaccine for Marek's disease
- Genetic engineering of live rabies vaccines
- Genetically engineered vaccines for equine encephalitis
- Genetically engineered vaccines for Johne's disease
- Vaccines against avian influenza
- Vaccines against parasitic infections
- Recombinant marker vaccines
- Marker vaccines for foot-and-mouth disease
- Marker vaccine for Newcastle disease
- Vaccines for classical swine fever
- Vaccines for tick control
- Vaccination to protection swine from H1N1 influenza virus infection
- Vaccination of cattle to prevent E. coli transmission to consumers in meat
- Vaccines for bacterial equine respiratory infections
- Using RNAi to develop vaccines for viral infections in prawns
- Companies developing biotechnology-based vaccines
- Biotechnology in treatment of parasitic infections
- Biotechnology in the treatment of CNS injuries in pet animals
- Paraplegia due to acute spinal cord injury in dogs
- RNAi for suppression prions in livestock
- Cell Therapy
- Umbilical cord blood stem cells
- Application of stem cells in veterinary medicine
- Use of stem cells to repair tendon injuries in horses
- Stem cells for spinal cord injury in dogs
- Gene therapy
- Gene therapy vectors
- Gene therapy by mitochondrial transfer
- In utero gene therapy
- Applications of gene therapy in veterinary medicine
- Gene therapy for mucopolysaccharidosis VII in dogs
- Gene therapy to increase disease resistance
- Gene therapy for infections
- Gene therapy for hematological disorders
- Gene therapy for cardiomyopathy in dogs
- Gene therapy for endocrine disorders
- Gene therapy for arthritis
- Gene therapy for renal failure
- Cancer gene therapy
- Antiangiogeneic cancer gene therapy in dogs
- Brain tumors in cats and dogs
- Breast cancer in dogs
- Canine hemangiosarcoma
- Canine melanoma
- Canine soft tissue sarcoma
- Melanoma in horses
6. Research in Animal Biotechnology
- Introduction
- Research institutes
- Animal and Natural Resources Institute (USDA)
- Center for Animal Biotechnology at University of Melbourne (Australia)
- CSIRO Livestock Industries
- Easter Bush Research Consortium
- Danish Veterinary Institute
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute
- Institute for Animal Health of UK
- Kimron Veterinary Institute
- Korean National Livestock Research Institute
- National Agricultural & Veterinary Biotechnology Center of Ireland
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency of UK
- Veterinary Medical University of Vienna
- Ethical issues of research in animal biotechnology
- Future prospects
- Strategies for control of twining in cattle
- Future developments of molecular diagnostics
- Future of vaccine application in veterinary medicine
- Promotion of innate immunity in animals
- Identification of key parasite antigens for eliciting immune response
- Virus-like particle vaccines for lasting immune response
- Control of respiratory virus infections
- Control and prevention of bioterrorism diseases in animals
- Genetic control of disease resistance
- Production of cattle lacking prion protein
- Application of genetics and biotechnology to wildlife management
- Future of animal genomics
- Future prospects of in vitro meat production
7. Animal Biotechnology Markets
- Introduction
- Markets for biotechnology-based products for animal healthcare
- Markets for biopharmaceuticals for animals
- Markets for recombinant proteins for animal healthcare
- Markets for vaccines for animals
- Markets for animal diagnostics
- Test for bovine spongiform encephalopathy
- Animal biotechnology markets according to therapeutic areas
- Markets for biotechnology-based animal products for humans
- Transgenic proteins
- Market for xenotransplantation
- Strategies for promoting use of animal biotechnology
- Financial losses from death and disease in animals
- Losses in farm animals
- Losses in poultry
- Losses in equine industry
- The emerging role of pet owners
- Improvement in cattle through application of biotechnology
- Economic aspects of genomic evaluation of dairy cattle
- Pig market
- Cattle Market
- Poultry market
- Milk from genetically modified cows
- Transgenic fish
- Role of biotechnology in livestock performace enhancer market
- Gene transfer technologies
- In vitro meat production and animal biotechnology markets
- Cost-benefit aspects of transgenic proteins
- Lower costs of transgenic production
- Lower costs of treatment
- Unmet needs in animal biotechnology
- Future opportunities for biotechnology in animal healthcare
- Farm animals
- Global trends in epidemiology of livestock diseases
- Companion animals
- Animal molecular diagnostic markets
8. Regulatory issues
- Introduction
- Regulatory agencies for veterinary biotechnology in the US
- FDA regulatory issues in agricultural biotechnology
- FDA guidlines on use of antibiotics in food-producing animals
- Food safety evaluation of transgenic animals
- Food from cloned animals
- FDA investigation of drug transfer into eggs
- Animal feed safety
- Medicated feeds
- Regulatory issues for production of transgenic proteins
- Risks of animal biotechnology
- FDA regulation of bovine products
- Worldwide biotechnology regulatory and trade issues
9. Companies Involved in Animal Biotechnology
- Introduction
- Biotechnology at top veterinary pharmaceutical companies
- Profiles of selected companies
- Collaborations
10. References
Tables
- Table 1 1: Landmarks in the evolution of animal biotechnology in the 20th century
- Table 1 2: Expression systems for production of recombinant proteins
- Table 1 3: Applications of proteomics in livestock industry and veterinary medicine
- Table 1 4: Selected animal genomics and proteomics databases (DB)
- Table 2 1: Applications of genomics in livestock industry and veterinary medicine
- Table 2 2: Recombinant proteins obtained from milk of transgenic animals
- Table 2 3: Companies involved in the production of transgenic pharmaceuticals
- Table 2 4: A comparison of gene knockout and transgenic techniques
- Table 2 5: Examples of transgenic mouse models of non-neoplastic human diseases
- Table 3 1: Diseases of dairy cattle
- Table 3 2: Causes of chronic wasting disease in animals
- Table 4 1: Potential applications of microarrays in animal biotechnology
- Table 4 2: Biosensor technologies with potential applications in molecular diagnostics
- Table 4 3: Applications of molecular diagnostics in animals
- Table 4 4: Viruses that can be detected by molecular diagnostics
- Table 4 5: Testing for harmful prions in brain tissue from dead cattle
- Table 4 6: Companies involved in developing molecular diagnostics for TSEs
- Table 4 7: Pathogenic bacteria in food and targets for molecular diagnostic probes
- Table 4 8: Companies involved in molecular diagnostics for food-borne infections
- Table 4 9: Companies developing molecular diagnostics for veterinary medicine
- Table 5 1: Veterinary biotechnology products
- Table 5 2: Pharmaceutical versus biotechnology products
- Table 5 3: Nonantibiotic strategies for control of infections
- Table 5 4: Experimental DNA vaccines tested in animals
- Table 5 5: Companies developing biotechnology-based vaccines for animals
- Table 6 1: Areas for future research applications of animal biotechnologies
- Table 7 1: Worldwide markets for biotechnology-based products for farm animals: 2011-2021
- Table 7 2: Worldwide markets for biotechnology-based products for pet animals: 2011-2021
- Table 7 3: Biotechnology-based markets for animal healthcare according to regions: 2011-2021.
- Table 7 4: Biotechnology markets for farm animals according to therapeutic areas: 2011-2021
- Table 7 5: Biotechnology markets for pet animals in therapeutic areas: 2011-2021
- Table 7 6: Worldwide markets for biotechnology-based animal products for humans: 2011-2021
- Table 9 1: Ranking of top 7 veterinary companies with biotechnology products
- Table 9 2: Selected collaborations of companies in animal biotechnology

Pharmaceutical Market Research

Animal Biotechnology

Animal Biotechnology

Summary

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